Technology

This article will discuss what is a dev shop and how to find the best dev shop. Let’s get started!

What is a dev shop?

A dev shop is what the companies are looking for at this moment to increase their digital presence in the market. It can also be referred to as an agency, offering a plethora of services to companies, including creating and maintaining websites and mobile applications and building multiple software products. 

The companies consider a dev shop as a means to outsource their app development work. The important things to consider are the target audience, the purpose to be resolved through the digital mode of exposure, and the customer pain points and objectives to be resolved through the software and the applications. 

Also read: Continuous Software Development: Agile’s Successor

How dev shops work?

Now that we understand what is dev shop, let us focus on how dev shops work. Dev shops comprise teams that specialize working in agile development methodology. The skills of the people working in the teams vary from scrum masters, mobile developers, front-end and back-end developers, UI/UX designers, and QA specialists. 

The team works in a shared service mode in various programs, which helps in the agile strategy, meeting deadlines, and reduction of costs. They work mostly remotely from various locations, thus harnessing the best of talents and flexible time zones for better productivity. There is a significant reduction in downtime and faster work completion.

What is a dev team?

The next important point is to understand what is a dev team, the dev team meaning or more precisely who is going to be contributing to the development work. The dev team is a sub-set of the Scrum team in an Agile program. It consists of engineers, application developers, mobile developers, and even testers.

Also read: Who usually needs to hire dedicated development team?

Dev shop Vs Internal tech team

There are certain advantages of having a dev shop in comparison to maintaining an internal tech team. The key ones are:

1. A dev shop eliminates the need to spend time, effort, and money to hire dev teams which sometimes is a time-consuming exercise
2. Companies can focus on more strategic things in the company while the outsourced dev shop takes care of the technical or dev work efficiently and faster
3. Companies need not be worried about training, retention, and up-skilling the internal tech team 
4. Further, there is no guarantee that a hired employee will perform 100% from day one, which may eventually delay the entire program and lower the productivity.

Advantages of software development shops?

There are several advantages of software development shops. The following are the key points to consider:

1. Outsourcing to a dev shop saves most time and money for companies since recruiting demands expenses and the return on it occurs in an elongated time span
2. Software development shops help to tap the right talent and expertise faster as required for the program development
3. With the advancement of technologies and skills, sometimes it is a challenge to upskill or cross-skill the in-house technical team, a dev shop is a better option in such a scenario
4. Companies seldom need to be concerned about the availability of resources for a development work

Also read: 8 Mistakes To Avoid as a Remote Team

Key aspects to note while finding a dev shop

Let us now focus on the key aspects or tips to think of while finding or selecting a dev shop. Companies need to be mindful while selecting the right partner for their development work to maintain a long-term partnership and commitment. 

Perform background checks for the short-listed development shops

It is essential to perform background checks like the origin of the dev shop, the customers served by them, and the recommendations and past history. You may either outsource the verification process to a professional agency or leverage your HR team to confirm the same. Checking client testimonials is important for an assurance that the work assigned to the development shops will be full-proof and of high quality. Further, the success of assignments will guide you in understanding the credibility of the dev shops and their performance rate with customers, thus confirming the expertise.

Provide precise instructions to the dev store shop

You must provide clear and precise instructions to the dev shops so that they understand the objectives, mission, vision, and expected business outcomes. Stating the needs and requirements like the purpose of the website, target audience, the website orientation, and the content that needs to be displayed. The frequency at which the content needs to be published, the tentative idea of the look and feel of the website, the expected menus and sub-menus, and the expected number of pages in the website. You must also state the future roadmap of your company so that the same is reflected on the website.

Also read: What Are Learning And Development Programs? | A Complete Guide

Ask questions on the competencies of the dev agency

You may ask questions about the past responsibilities and projects of the dev agency and check how they had tackled the expectations of the customer and met the desired objectives. Enquire about the technologies adopted or leveraged for the development work. If possible, it is good to interview the expertise so that you are confirmed the work will be delivered on time and with superior quality. Also, it is good to be aware of the tech stack that is going to be used and the competency of the team working in the dev shop.

Maintain communication with the dev company

You need to establish constant communication with the dev company or the dev shop so that you can work collaboratively and resolve any kinds of issues, problems, queries, misunderstandings, and risks. Besides transparent communication helps to create a healthy, stable, and long-term relationship. Hence while finalizing a dev shop, it is good to understand whether they are open to communication and do not work in silos or conceal facts and information. This is essential as you need to know which state your product is in and whether it is following the requirements and guidelines.

A dedicated and reliable web development shop

Since the target is to establish a long-term relationship with the dev shop, it is good to be clear on the budget for the projects they are going to work on. Check out their innovative ideas, and plan for executing the roadmap which you have in your mission. Ensure the dev shop is responsive and proactive in its answers. 

 

Here are the top Angular interview questions for freshers. Let’s get started!

Angular is a widely used language for the development of web and mobile applications. Freshers applying must be able to answer Angular coding questions. Angular interview questions and answers for freshers will check their understanding of architecture, directives, services, and data binding. Angular lifecycle hook interview questions are frequently asked in the technical rounds. Freshers should be prepared to answer questions on TypeScript, CSS, and HTML.

Why were client-side frameworks like Angular introduced?

Previously, web-developers used VanilaJS and jQuery to create dynamic webpages, but as website logic increased it became challenging to manage the code.  They had to work harder to keep the app’s separation of concerns while creating large logic-based applications. Additionally, jQuery did not have tools to handle data across views. 

Client-side framework like Angular helped to address these issues, this made it easier for developers to handle the separation concerns and breakdown the code into smaller units called components.  Developers use client-side frameworks to create complex web applications like Single-Page Applications using client-side framework. You can still use VanillaJS to create SPA but this can slow down the development process significantly. 

Also read : Tips for Acing Your First Job Interview

 What is a TypeScript?

Microsoft built and developed Typescript in 2012 to create large apps. TypeScript is an open-source high-level programming language built on JavaScript. It is a synthetic Superset of JavaScript which adds statistical typing.  It transpiles in JavaScript. Existing JavaScript programs are likewise valid in TypeScript because it is a superset of JavaScript.

What are some of the advantages of Angular over other frameworks?

• Out of the box features – Angular provides a number of built-in features like routing, state management, rxjs library and http servicesstraight out of the box. You do not need to look for the above-stated features separately as they are all provided with Angular.
• Declarative UI – Angular uses HTML to render the UI of an application. HTML is a declarative language and is easier to use than JavaScript.
• Long-term Google support – Google announced long-term support for Angular. The company plans to stick with Angular and expand its ecosystem.

What is data binding? Which type of data binding does Angular use?

Data binding deals with how to bind data from components to HTML DOM elements (Templates). We can effortlessly interact with the application without worrying how to insert your data. It does not need complicated code and features dynamic HTML. We use Data binding use interaction web application like calculators, games, calculator forms, tutorials, and tutorials. Data Binding is practical when pages have a lot of data because of the incremental presentation of the webpage. 

Angular uses two-way binding. Any changes to the UI element is reflected in the appropriate and relevant model states. Conversly you can see any change to model state reflected in the UI element. This guarantees that the framework may use the controller to link the DOM to the Model data.

What is Single Page Application?

Single Page Applications (SPA) are web page applications that load only once and add any new functionality to the user interface. The content of new page is produced dynamically rather than loading a new HTML page. Developers use JavaScript ability to work with the DOM elements on the current page itself. The SPA method offers a seamless user experience because of its quicker. 

Also read: Top 12 Angular advanced interview questions

Explain the lifecycle hooks in Angular?

In Angular, every component has a lifecycle. Angular creates and renders these components and also destroys them before removing them from the DOM. This is achieved with the help of lifecycle hooks. Here’s the list of them:

1. ngOnChanges() – Triggers when Angular sets/resets data-bound input properties.
2. ngOnInit() – Initialize the directive/component after Angular first displays it
3. ngDoCheck() – Detect and act upon changes that Angular can’t or won’t detect on its own.
4. ngAfterContentInit() – Triggers after Angular projects external content into the component’s view
5. ngAfterContentChecked() – Triggers after Angular checks the content projected into the component.
6. ngAfterViewInit() – Triggers after Angular initializes the component’s views
7. ngAfterViewChecked() – Triggers after Angular checks the component’s views
8. ngOnDestroy – Cleanup just before Angular destroys the directive/component.

Differentiate between Angular and AngularJS

Feature	Angular	AngularJS
Language	JavaScript	TypeScript
Architecture	Supports Model-View-Controller design	Uses components and directives
Mobile	Is not supported	Supports
Management	Difficult to manage with an increase in source code size	Better Structured, easy to create and manage bigger applications

What are decorators in Angular?

Decorators are pattern or functions that specify how Angular features operators. They are used to make earlier adjustments to a class, service, or filter. Four different types of decorators are supported by Angular.

• Designers of classes
• Interior Designers
• Decorators of Methods and Parameters

Also read: Top 15 Angular basic interview questions

What are the advantages of Angular over React?

Angular	React
Angular supports bidirectional data binding as well as mutable data.	React only supports unidirectional and immutable data binding.
The biggest benefit of Angular is that it enables dependency injection.	React allows us to either accomplish it ourselves or with the aid of a third-party library.
Angular can be used in both mobile and web development.	React can only be used in UI development only.
Angular features a wide range of tools, libraries, frameworks, plugins, and so on that make development faster and more fun.	In React we can use third-party libraries for any features.
Angular uses Typescript.	React uses Javascript.

What are templates in Angular?

A template is a kind of HTML that instructs Angular about how to display a component. An Angular HTML template, like conventional HTML, produces a view, or user interface, in the browser, but with far more capabilities. Angular API evaluates an HTML template of a component, creates HTML, and renders it.

There are two ways to create a template in an Angular component:

• Inline Template: The component decorator’s template config is used to specify an inline HTML template for a component. The Template will be wrapped inside the single or double quotes.

Example: 

@Component({

    selector: “app-greet”,

    template: `<div>

        <h1> Hello {{name}} how are you ? </h1>

        <h2> Welcome to interviewbit ! </h2>

    </div>`

})

• Linked Template: A component may include an HTML template in a separate HTML file. As illustrated below, the templateUrl option is used to indicate the path of the HTML template file.

Example: 

@Component({

    selector: “app-greet”,

    templateUrl: “./component.html”

})

What are Annotation in Angular?

Annotation in Angular are used for creating an annotation array. They are the metadata set on the class that is used to reflect the Metadata library.

Here are the Top 20 Angular interview questions for experienced developers. Let’s get started!

Experienced developers may be asked Angular experienced interview questions on subjects including performance optimization, security consideration, deployment techniques, and interaction with other technologies, and advanced Angular concepts like lazy loading, reactive programming, and Angular Universal. 

During the Angular interview questions for experienced professionals, the developer may need to demonstrate problem-solving skills by answering real world coding challenges and scenario-based questions. Here are some Angular interview questions for experienced developers. 

Angular interview questions for 1 year experience

Candidates with 1 year experience should focus on Angular fresher interview questions and Angular ui developer interview questions. Here are top Angular interview questions for 1 year experience 

1.What are the essential components of Angular?

The essential features of Angular are –

• Components – Components are building blocks of an Angular applications. Each component consists of TypeScript class containing a decorator, an HTML template, and styles.
• Template – Templates are in the form of HTML tags that are present in components. These template are used to declare how a component must be rendered.
• Modules – Modules are also considered as building blocks in Angular. However, modules have a specific set of capabilities or workflow.
• Services – Service could be broadly defined as a class with a well-defined purpose. 
• Metadata – Metadata is used to add data to a class. This data helps Angular understand how a class needs to be processed.  

2.What does Angular Material mean?

Angular Material is a UI component library that allows professionals to develop consistent, attractive, and completely functional websites, web pages, and web applications. It becomes capable of doing so by following modern principles of web designing, such as graceful degradation and browser probability.

Also read: How to Deflect Difficult Questions in an Interview or Negotiation

Angular interview questions for 2 years-experience

Angular coding interview questions are perfect if you preparing for Angular interview questions for 2 years-experience.

1.What are Pipes in Angular? 

Pipes are simple functions designed to accept an input value, process, and return as an output, a transformed value in a more technical understanding. Angular supports several built-in pipes. However, you can also create custom pipes that cater to your needs. 

Some key features include: 

• Pipes are defined using the pipe “|” symbol. 
• Pipes can be chained with other pipes.
• Pipes can be provided with arguments by using the colon (:) sign.

2.What is the PipeTransform interface?

As the name suggests, the interface receives an input value and transforms it into the desired format with a transform() method. It is typically used to implement custom pipes.

import {Pipe, PipeTransform} from ‘@angular/core’;

@Pipe({

Name:demopipe’

})

export class DemopipePipe implements PipeTransform{

 

transform (value: unknown, ….args:unknown[]):unknown {

return null;

}

}

Angular interview questions for 3 years-experience

Angular technical interview questions are to be expected for all developer roles. The top Angularjs interview questions and answers for 3 years-experience are –

1.What is the scope?

In Angular, a scope is an object that refers to the application model. It is a context in which expressions can be executed. These scopes are grouped hierarchically, comparable to the DOM structure of the application. A scope aids in the propagation of various events and the monitoring of expressions

2.What are annotations in Angular ?

These are language features that are hard-coded. Annotations are merely metadata that is set on a class to reflect the metadata library. When a user annotates a class, the compiler adds an annotations property to the class, saves an annotation array in it, and then attempts to instantiate an object with the same name as the annotation, providing the metadata into the constructor. Annotations in AngularJs are not predefined, therefore we can name them ourselves.

Angular interview questions for 4 years-experience

Angular developer interview questions may focus on a candidate’s experience with Angular, including their understanding of the framework’s architecture, ability to build and maintain components, directives, services, and Angular security interview questions. Practical experience and a strong understanding of Angular concepts are key to success in these Angular interview questions for 4 years-experience.

1.How to implement security in Angular?

Top 5 Best Practices for Angular App Security

• Prevent cross-site scripting (XSS)
• Block HTTP-related vulnerabilities.
• Avoid risky Angular APIs.
• Don’t customize Angular files.
• Stay updated with the latest Angular library.

2.How to write Best Practices Applications?

As per experts, be careful when developing Angular apps,

• We keep and watching the latest version of Angular.
•  Don’t try to add hacks or modify to Angular generates files.
•  Avoid Angular’s Security Risk.
•  Also, avoid direct use of the DOM APIs.
•  Try to use offline template compiler.
• Try to prevent CSRF or XSRF attacks in your web apps.
•  Try to prevent JSON data in your web apps.

Also read: Technical Interview Questions | Top 30 critical questions 

Angular interview questions for 5 years-experience

There so many Angular topics you need to revise while preparing for an interview. Angular unit testing interview questions are popular questions in technical rounds. 

1.What is the difference between unit, integration, and e2e tests?

• Unit Tests sits at the base of the Testing Pyramid. This means they take lesser time to code and classes that you are testing should be more isolated. For example, a Login Feature normally has Validation and Authentication logic. They should be written in two separate classes like LoginValidator and LoginAuthenticator. Based on these two classes, you write test scripts. 

When you try to test Networking functions, like in LoginAuthenticator, you should use Mock Response to test for both positive and negative responses.

• Integration Tests sits at the next level after Unit Tests. Here, you will use Real Network Responses, by hitting the real server endpoint, and test that the small units you have written are able to work together.
• UI Testing automates repetitive tasks to ensure that your most critical UI interactions keep working as you’re adding new features or refactoring your app’s codebase. It may also help new developers to understand the app as they just need to run the UI Test once, he is able to see the automated test script running the app and interpret the app’s user journey from there.

Going back to the example of a Login Feature, UI Tests will

• Tap on the Username.

• Key in “Username”.

• Tap on Password.

• Key in “******”.

• Tap on Submit.

Here the script will mock a success or failure response to move the app to the next screen, or show an alert box if failed.

• End-to-End (E2E) Tests are like how Integration Tests works for Unit Tests, E2E Tests should test the user journeys of the app by using Real Network Response by hitting the Real server endpoints.

2.What are the Test functions available in Angular?

• describe() – Test suit (just a function)
• it() – The spec or test
• expect() – Expected outcome.

Triple Rule of Testing –

• Arrange – Create and Initialize the Components
• Act – Invoke the Methods/Functions of Components
• Assert – Assert the expected outcome/behaviour

Also read: Amazing Tips to Standout for a Memorable Job Interview

Angular interview questions for 6 years-experience

In this section we have focused on interview question for 6 years experienced.

1.What are some disadvantages of using Angular?

Although Angular provides quite a lot of benefits, there are some disadvantages of using it as well. They are as follows:

• Getting good SEO results on an Angular application can be a bit difficult and may need a bit of configuration.
• Angular has a lot of features packed into it, so getting to know each of them and learning how to use them effectively together can be a little difficult.
• Angular can add quite a lot of weight to your JavaScript bundle, so using it for smaller projects can be very inefficient and may significantly increase the load size.

2.What are the differences between Angular decorator and annotation?

In Angular, decorators are design patterns that help in the modification or decoration of the respective classes without making changes in the actual source code.

Annotations, on the other hand, are used in Angular to build an annotation array. They use the Reflective Metadata library and are a metadata set of the given class.

Angular interview questions for 7 years-experience

Interview questions for Angular developers with 7-years can be challenging. You may be asked Angular lifecycle interview questions. Here are some typical Angular interview questions for 7 years-experience

1.What are lifecycle hooks in Angular? Explain a few lifecycle hooks.

Every component in Angular has a lifecycle, and different phases it goes through from the time of creation to the time it’s destroyed. Angular provides hooks to tap into these phases and trigger changes at specific phases in a lifecycle.

• ngOnChanges( ) This hook/method is called before ngOnInit and whenever one or more input properties of the component change.
  This method/hook receives a SimpleChanges object which contains the previous and current values of the property.
• ngOnInit( ) This hook gets called once, after the ngOnChanges hook.
  It initializes the component and sets the input properties of the component.
• ngDoCheck( ) It gets called after ngOnChanges and ngOnInit and is used to detect and act on changes that cannot be detected by Angular.
  We can implement our change detection algorithm in this hook. ngAfterContentInit( ) It gets called after the first ngDoCheck hook. This hook responds after the content gets projected inside the component.
• ngAfterContentChecked( ) It gets called after ngAfterContentInit and every subsequent ngDoCheck. It responds after the projected content is checked.
• ngAfterViewInit( ) It responds after a component’s view, or a child component’s view is initialized.
• ngAfterViewChecked( ) It gets called after ngAfterViewInit, and it responds after the component’s view, or the child component’s view is checked.
• ngOnDestroy( ) It gets called just before Angular destroys the component. This hook can be used to clean up the code and detach event handlers.

2.What is Change Detection, and how does the Change Detection Mechanism work?

The process of synchronizing a model with a view is known as Change Detection. Even when utilizing the ng Model to implement two-way binding, which is syntactic sugar on top of a unidirectional flow. Change detection is incredibly fast, but as an app’s complexity and the number of components increase, change detection will have to do more and more work.

Change Detection Mechanism-moves only ahead and never backward, beginning with the root component and ending with the last component. This is what one-way data flow entails. The tree of components is the architecture of an Angular application. Each component is a child, but the child is not a parent. A $digest loop is no longer required with the one-way flow.

Also read: Top 20 Angular version interview questions

Angular interview questions for 8 years-experience

Preparing Angular questions for interview can be daunting. These Angular architecture interview questions can help you feel better prepared. Here are some Angular interview questions for 8 years-experience-

1.How do you explain Angular architecture?

Angular is an MVC framework that has detailed diagrams on how to create the application and how to pass data between the view and the controller. It also provides bi-directional data flow so that the markup is not altered.

2.Can you explain various ways of component communication in Angular?

• Data sharing between parent and one or more child components using the @Input() and @Output() directives.
• Data sharing using an Angular service
• Using state management, like NgRx
• Read and write data to local storage
• Pass data via URL parameters

3.What is transpiling in Angular ?

Transpiling is the process of transforming the source code of one programming language into the source code of another. Typically, in Angular, this implies translating TypeScript to JavaScript. TypeScript (or another language like as Dart) can be used to develop code for your Angular application, which is subsequently transpiled to JavaScript. This occurs naturally and internally.

Angular interview questions for 10 years-experience

In this section we have focused on interview question for 10 years experienced. 

1.What is Change Detection, and how does the Change Detection Mechanism work?

The process of synchronizing a model with a view is known as Change Detection. Even when utilizing the ng Model to implement two-way binding, which is syntactic sugar on top of a unidirectional flow. Change detection is incredibly fast, but as an app’s complexity and the number of components increase, change detection will have to do more and more work.

Change Detection Mechanism-moves only ahead and never backward, beginning with the root component and ending with the last component. This is what one-way data flow entails. The tree of components is the architecture of an Angular application. Each component is a child, but the child is not a parent. A $digest loop is no longer required with the one-way flow.

2.What is transpiling in Angular ?

Transpiling is the process of transforming the source code of one programming language into the source code of another. Typically, in Angular, this implies translating TypeScript to JavaScript. TypeScript (or another language like as Dart) can be used to develop code for your Angular application, which is subsequently transpiled to JavaScript. This occurs naturally and internally

Here are the Top 12 Angular advanced interview questions. Let’s get started!

It is important to prepare well for an Angular developer interview. In later rounds the interviewer may ask Angular advanced interview questions preparing well will help demonstrate in-depth knowledge and experience with these advanced concepts can set a candidate apart from other Angular developers.

What is Easy and Lazy loading?

• Easy Loading : The easy loading technique is the standard loading methodology. Easy loading feature modules are loaded prior to the start of the program. It is frequently used in small-scale application. 
• Lazy loading: The lazy loading technique dynamically loads feature module. This allows applications to run faster and is useful for larger projects where all modules are not required in the beginning. 

Also read: 38 Smart Questions to Ask in a Job Interview

What is the view encapsulation in Angular?

View encapsulation in Angular can affect the component template and style of the entire program or vice versa. Three encapsulations techniques available are –

• Native: The component does not inherit styles from the main HTML. Styles defined in this component’s @Component decorator are only applicable to this component.
• Emulated (Default): The component inherits styles from the main HTML. Styles set in the @Component decorator are only applicable to this component.
• None: The component’s styles are propagated back to the main HTML and therefore accessible to all components on the page. Be wary of programs that have None and Native components. Styles will be repeated in all components with Native encapsulation if they have No encapsulation.

What is RxJs in Angular?

RxJS is an acronym meaning Reactive extensions for JavaScript. It is used to enable the use of observables in our JavaScript project, allowing us to do reactive programming. RxJS is utilized in many popular frameworks, including Angular since it allows us to compose our asynchronous or callback-based code into a sequence of operations executed on a data stream that releases values from a publisher to a subscriber. Other programming languages, such as Java and Python, offer packages that allow them to develop reactive programs utilizing observables.

Most of the time, rxJs is used in HTTP calls with angular. Because http streams are asynchronous data, we can subscribe to them and apply filters to them. This is one of the advanced interview questions asked several times in an interview.

Example: The following is a simple example of how RxJs can be utilized with HTTP calls.

let  stream1 = httpc.get(“https://www.example.com/somedata”);

 let stream2 = stream1.pipe(filter(x=>x>3));

 stream2.subscribe(res=>this.Success(res),res=>this.Error(res))

Also read: Top 20 Angular version interview questions

Explain string interpolation and property binding in Angular.

• String interpolation and property binding are parts of data-binding in Angular.
• Data-binding is a feature in angular, which provides a way to communicate between the component(Model) and its view(HTML template).
• Data-binding can be done in two ways, one-way binding and two-way binding.
• In Angular, data from the component can be inserted inside the HTML template. In one-way binding, any changes in the component will directly reflect inside the HTML template but, vice-versa is not possible. Whereas, it is possible in two-way binding.
• String interpolation and property binding allow only one-way data binding.
• String interpolation uses the double curly braces {{ }} to display data from the component. Angular automatically runs the expression written inside the curly braces, for example, {{ 2 + 2 }} will be evaluated by Angular and the output 4, will be displayed inside the HTML template. Using property binding, we can bind the DOM properties of an HTML element to a component’s property. Property binding uses the square brackets [ ] syntax.

Explain the concept of Dependency injection.

Dependency injection is an application design pattern implemented in Angular. It forms one of the core concepts in Angular. 

Dependency are services with functionality. Different components and directives can need functionality of a service. Angular framework provides a mechanism to add these dependencies to our components and directives. We are just making dependencies which are injectable across all components of an application. This is how Dependency Injectors (DI) works. Take the example of ng g service test

import { Injectable } from ‘@angular/core’;

     @Injectable({

       providedIn: ‘root’

     })

     export class TestService {

       importantValue:number = 42;

       constructor() { }

       returnImportantValue(){

         return this.importantValue;

       }

     }    

 As one can notice, we can create injectable dependencies by adding the @Injectable decorator to a class.

We inject the above dependency inside the following component:   

 import { TestService } from ‘./../test.service’;

      import { Component, OnInit } from ‘@angular/core’;

 

      @Component({

        selector: ‘app-test’,

        templateUrl: ‘./test.component.html’,

        styleUrls: [‘./test.component.css’]

      })

      export class TestComponent implements OnInit {

        value:number;

        constructor(private testService:TestService) { }

 

        ngOnInit() {

          this.value = this.testService.returnImportantValue();

        }

      }

One can see we have imported our TestService at the top of the page. Then, we created an instance inside the constructor of the component and implemented the returnImportantValue function of the service.

From the above example, we can observe how angular provides a smooth way to inject dependencies in any component.

What is the difference between AOT and JIT?

AOT or Ahead Of Time compilation converts your code during the build time before the browser downloads the code. This ensures the browsers are render faster. To start AOT compilation, include the -aot option with the ng build and ng serve command. 

JIT or Just-in-command compilation process is a way of compiling computer code to machine code during execution or run time. JIT is also known as dynamic compilation. JIT compilation is the default when you run the ng build and ng serve CLI command. 

Also read: Top 15 Angular basic interview questions

What is dependency injection?

Dependency injection, or DI, is one of the fundamental concepts in Angular. DI is wired into the Angular framework and allows classes with Angular decorators, such as Components, Directives, Pipes, and Injectables, to configure dependencies that they need.

Two main roles exist in the DI system: dependency consumer and dependency provider.

How are component dependencies injected in a workflow?

The first step is to add the @Injectable decorator to show that the class can be injected.

@Injectable()

class HeroService {}

The next step is to make it available in the DI by providing it. A dependency can be provided in multiple places:

• At the Component level, using the providers field of the @Component decorator. In this case the HeroService becomes available to all instances of these component and other components and directives used in the template. For example:

 

@Injectable({

  providedIn: ‘root’

})

class HeroService {}

When you provide the service at the root level, Angular creates a single, shared instance of the HeroService and injects it into any class that asks for it. Registering the provider in the @Injectable metadata also allows Angular to optimize an app by removing the service from the compiled application if it isn’t used, a process known as tree-shaking.

What are promises and Observables in Angular?

Promises and Observable both deal with Asynchronous events in Angular. Promises handles one event at a time and observables handle a sequence of events over time. 

Promises give one value at a time. They execute immediately after creation and are not cancellable. They are Push errors to child promises. 

Observables are executed only when subscribed to them using the Subscribe () method. They give multiple values over a period of time. They are used for functions like forEach, filter, and retry. Observable deliver errors to the subscribers. If you use the unsubscribe method() the listener stops receiving further values. 

Also read: 8 Secrets of a Winning Interview Dress Code

What are ngOnInit()? How are they defined?

ngOnInit is a lifecycle hook and a callback method that is run by Angular to indicate that a component has been created. It takes no parameters and returns a void type.

export class MyComponent implements OnInit {

  constructor() { }

  ngOnInit(): void {

    //….

  }

}

What is bootstrap? How is it embedded in Angular?

Bootstrap is a strong toolkit. It is a collection of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript tools, developers use to build responsive web pages and applications. There are two ways to embed bootstrap library into your application. 

• Angular BootStrap via CDN – Bootstrap CDN is a public Content Delivery Network. You can use it to load CSS and JavaScript remotely from its servers. 
• Angular Bootstrap via NPM – Alternatively, you can add Bootstrap to your Angular project by installing it into your project folder by using NPM (Node Package Manager). 

11.What is subscribing?

In Angular .subscribe() is a method of observable type. The observable type is a utility that have synchronous and asynchronous stream data to a variety of components or services that have subscribed to the observable. The subscribe method takes 3 methods as parameters-

• next: For each item being emitted by the observable perform this function
• error: If somewhere in the stream an error is found, do this method
• complete: Once all items are complete from the stream, do this method

In Angular, describe how to set, get, and clear cookies()?

For using cookies in Angular, you need to include a module called ngCookies angular-cookies.js.

To set Cookies – For setting the cookies in a key-value format ‘put’ method is used.

cookie.set(‘nameOfCookie’,”cookieValue”);

To get Cookies – For retrieving the cookies ‘get’ method is used.

cookie.get(‘nameOfCookie’);

To clear Cookies – For removing cookies ‘remove’ method is used.

cookie.delete(‘nameOfCookie’);

Here are Top 20 Angular version interview questions. Let’s get started!

Angular 2 interview questions 

Angular2 interview questions and answers are useful to prepare well for an interview. Angular 2 interview questions can help demonstrate in-depth knowledge and experience with these advanced concepts can set a candidate apart from other Angular developers.

1.How is Dependency Hierarchy formed?

The dependency injection system of Angular is hierarchical. It consists of a tree of injectors that stands parallel to the application’s component tree. The Dependency Hierarchy is formed with the configurations. The reconfiguration of the injectors can be done at any given level of the component tree. The providers for different injectors can also be configured in the injector hierarchy.

2.What is the purpose of the async pipe?

The purpose of the async pipe is basically to mark the components that need to be checked for changes. It subscribes to an Observable or Promise and returns the latest value it has emitted. Once this new value gets emitted, the components are marked by the async pipe. Now, whenever any component is destroyed, the async pipe detaches or unsubscribes automatically. Similarly, if the expression reference of the component changes, the async pipe detaches or unsubscribes from the old Observable or Promise and subscribes to a new one.

Also read: 5 Ways to Stand Out in Your Next Job Interview

 Angular 6 interview questions

Angular quiz helps you test your knowledge in Angular Framework. Here are Angular 6 interview questions are

1.Which is the following is correct about TypeScript?

1. Angular is based on TypeScript.
2. This is a superset of JavaScript.
3. TypeScript is maintained by Microsoft.
4. All of the above.

Answer Option d – All the above

2.What does AOT stand for?

1. Ahead-Of-Time Compilation
2. Angular Object Templates
3. Both
4. None of above

Answer – Option a- Ahead-of-Time compilation

 Angular 4 interview questions

Angular 4 multiple choice questions are typically asked to gauge the concepts of the candidate. Here are some typical Angular 4 interview questions that may be asked during interview. 

1.Router is part of which of the following module?

1. @angular/core
2. @angular/router
3. Both
4. None of the above

Answer – Option b-@angular/router

2.Which angular decorator allows us to define the pipe name that is globally available for use in any template in the across application?

1. PipeName
2. PipeDeco
3. Pipe
4. None of the above

Answer – Option c – Pipe

Angular 7 interview questions

Companies ask interview questions in Angular to find the best fit for their team. Angular 7 interview questions and answers for experienced will check their knowledge and ability to think outside-the-box.

1.What is parameterized pipe?

A pipe can accept any number of optional parameters to fine-tune its output. The parameterized pipe can be created by declaring the pipe name with a colon ( : ) and then the parameter value. If the pipe accepts multiple parameters, separate the values with colons. Let’s take a birthday example with a particular format(dd/MM/yyyy):

import { Component } from ‘@angular/core’;

    @Component({

      selector: ‘app-birthday’,

      template: `<p>Birthday is {{ birthday | date:’dd/MM/yyyy’}}</p>` // 18/06/1987

    })

    export class BirthdayComponent {

      birthday = new Date(1987, 6, 18);

    }

Note: The parameter value can be any valid template expression, such as a string literal or a component property.

2.How do you chain pipes?

You can chain pipes together in potentially useful combinations as per the needs. Let’s take a birthday property which uses date pipe(along with parameter) and uppercase pipes as below

import { Component } from ‘@angular/core’;

        @Component({

          selector: ‘app-birthday’,

          template: `<p>Birthday is {{  birthday | date:’fullDate’ | uppercase}} </p>` // THURSDAY, JUNE 18, 1987

        })

        export class BirthdayComponent {

          birthday = new Date(1987, 6, 18);

        }

Also read: Top 15 Angular basic interview questions 

Angular 8 interview questions

Top Angular interview questions form an excellent resource to prepare for an interview, your Angular concepts for interview should be clear. 

1.What is interpolation?

Interpolation is a special syntax that Angular converts into property binding. It’s a convenient alternative to property binding. It is represented by double curly braces({{}}). The text between the braces is often the name of a component property. Angular replaces that name with the string value of the corresponding component property.

Let’s take an example,

<h3>

  {{title}}

  <img src=”{{url}}” style=”height:30px“>

</h3>

In the example above, Angular evaluates the title and url properties and fills in the blanks, first displaying a bold application title and then a URL.

2.What are template statements?

A template statement responds to an event raised by a binding target such as an element, component, or directive. The template statements appear in quotes to the right of the = symbol like (event)=”statement”.

Let’s take an example of button click event’s statement

<button (click)=”editProfile()”>Edit Profile</button>

In the above expression, editProfile is a template statement. The below JavaScript syntax expressions are not allowed.

• new
• increment and decrement operators, ++ and —
• operator assignment, such as += and -=
• the bitwise operators | and &
• the template expression operators

Also read: Phone interview tips | How to ace a phone interview ?

Angular 9 interview questions

1.What is the difference between constructor and ngOnInit?

The Constructor is a default method of the class that is executed when the class is instantiated and ensures proper initialisation of fields in the class and its subclasses. Angular, or better Dependency Injector (DI), analyses the constructor parameters and when it creates a new instance by calling new MyClass() it tries to find providers that match the types of the constructor parameters, resolves them and passes them to the constructor.
ngOnInit is a life cycle hook called by Angular to indicate that Angular is done creating the component.

Mostly we use ngOnInit for all the initialization/declaration and avoid stuff to work in the constructor. The constructor should only be used to initialize class members but shouldn’t do actual “work”. So you should use constructor() to setup Dependency Injection and not much else. ngOnInit() is better place to “start” – it’s where/when components’ bindings are resolved.

export class App implements OnInit{

  constructor(private myService: MyService){

     //called first time before the ngOnInit()

  }

  ngOnInit(){

     //called after the constructor and called  after the first ngOnChanges()

     //e.g. http call…

  }

}

Angular 10 interview questions

1.What are components?

Components are the most basic UI building block of an Angular app, which form a tree of Angular components. These components are a subset of directives. Unlike directives, components always have a template, and only one component can be instantiated per element in a template. Let’s see a simple example of Angular component

import { Component } from ‘@angular/core’;

@Component ({

   selector: ‘my-app’,

   template: ` <div>

      <h1>{{title}}</h1>

      <div>Learn Angular6 with examples</div>

   </div> `,

})

 

export class AppComponent {

   title: string = ‘Welcome to Angular world’;

}

2. What is a service?

A service is used when a common functionality needs to be provided to various modules. Services allow for greater separation of concerns for your application and better modularity by allowing you to extract common functionality out of components.

Let’s create a repoService which can be used across components,

import { Injectable } from ‘@angular/core’;

import { Http } from ‘@angular/http’;

@Injectable({ // The Injectable decorator is required for dependency injection to work

  // providedIn option registers the service with a specific NgModule

  providedIn: ‘root’,  // This declares the service with the root app (AppModule)

})

export class RepoService{

  constructor(private http: Http){

  }

  fetchAll(){

    return this.http.get(‘https://api.github.com/repositories’);

  }

}

Also read: Amazing Tips to Standout for a Memorable Job Interview

Angular 11 interview questions

Angular Routing is a popular framework used for developing single-web applications. If you are applying for Angular routing, it is important to prepare Angular routing interview questions.  We review Angular 11 interview questions.

1.What is Angular routing?

Angular routing is a way to manage the different states or views of an Angular application. It lets you define different URLs for different parts of your app, and map those URLs to the corresponding Angular components. Angular routing also lets you specify which components should be displayed when a user navigates to a specific URL.

2.Can you list the main features of Angular Router?

The Angular Router is a powerful routing library that allows developers to create single-page applications with rich routing capabilities. The router is easy to use and can be configured to work with a variety of different backends. The router also supports lazy loading, which can improve the performance of large applications.

Angular 12 interview questions

Angular 12 interview questions can help shortlist the best programmer for your firm. Here are some great Angular programming interview questions you can ask your candidates.

1.If your data model is updated outside the ‘Zone’, explain the process how will you the view?

You can update your view using any of the following:

1. ApplicationRef.prototype.tick(): It will perform change detection on the complete component tree.
2. NgZone.prototype.run(): It will perform the change detection on the entire component tree. Here, the run() under the hood will call the tick itself and then parameter will take the function before tick and executes it.
3. ChangeDetectorRef.prototype.detectChanges(): It will launch the change detection on the current component and its children.

2.How can you hide an HTML element just by a button click in Angular?

In HTML element can be easily hidden using the ng-hide directive in conjunction along with a controller to hide an HTML element on button click.

View

<div ng-controller=”MyController”>

  <button ng-click=”hide()”>Hide element</button>

  <p ng-hide=”isHide”>Hello World!</p>

</div>

Controller

controller: function() {

this.isHide = false;

this.hide = function(){

this.isHide = true; }; }

Angular 13 interview questions

Angular is a widely-used JavaScript single-page applications frameworks. It can be challenging to find Angular 13 interview questions. We have listed some Angular latest interview questions.

1.How does an Angular Application work?

The working of Angular is based on its components. The Angular Applications start working in the Angular.JSON configuration file. This file helps the builder locate the main file, configurations, and paths. Now the application starts. 

Next comes the Main.TS file which serves as the entry point for the configuration file. It helps to create a browser environment to help application run. 

The Angular application is now bootstrapped using the APP.MODULE.TS.. The app that component that gets bootstrapped is stored in the APP.COMPONENT.TS file. Now the INDEX.HTML file is called and is used to ask Angular to load the application component. After the component is loaded, the content gets displayed from the APP.COMPONENT.HTML file. This is how the Angular application works and the components discussed here help to achieve so.

2.What is metadata?

We instruct Angular on how to handle a class by using metadata. Unless we explicitly notify Angular that a component is being used, which we do with the aid of metadata, a component behaves as a class when it is used. A decorator is used in TypeScript to attach metadata. Decorators are functions that are familiar with the setup of classes and how they should operate.

Here are Top 15  Angular basic interview questions along with their answers.

Angular is a powerful front-end JavaScript framework that is frequently utilized in the creation of apps. Because of its growing popularity, Angular developers are in high demand. In this blog post we have covered some frequently asked Angular interview questions. We have classified the questions based on experience levels and have added scenario based and interview questions on Angular as well. 

Angular basic interview questions

A set of basic Angular interview questions is a great source for a recruiter or someone who is preparing for an interview. Here are top 10 Angular interview questions along with their answers. Interviewers frequently ask these questions to potential Angular developers to gauge their level of fundamental understanding of the framework. The questions in this section help you in grasping the fundamental ideas of Angular programming. The top Angular basic interview questions are below.

Also read: 10 Common Job Interview Questions and How to Answer Them

1. Explain data binding in Angular and what are its forms?

Data binding is a technique for defining how a component and DOM will communicate. As a result, creating interactive applications is simple and doesn’t need retrieving or sending data. You can use Angular’s data binding to consider the model as a single source and any modifications to the model will be immediately projected into view. There four types of data binding depending on the way data flows – 

• String Interpretation
• Property Binding
• Event Binding
• Two-way data binding.

2. What are directives?

Directives are the best properties for changing the DOM’s behavior when rendering a template. The directives let you specify how DOM elements should behave, or just what will happen when the mouse is hovered over or clicked. Built-in directives start with ng-prefix, some built-in directives start with ngif and ngFor. You can always write your own directives to suit your own demand.

3. What is the latest version of Angular and how it is different from Angular Js?

The latest version of Angular 14 was released on June 2022. Google developed Angular JS it is the most primitive version Angular. Difference are as follows – 

• The primitive AngularJS is based on JavaScript while Angular uses Typescript. While both Angular and AngularJS use Directives, how they use them makes the difference. 
• Angular has standard Directives while AngularJS has a pack of them. 
• Angular provides mobile support while AngularJS does not provide mobile support.
• AngularJS supports Model-view-controller design while Angular uses components and directives. 

4. What is Do Bootstrap (ng BootStrap) in Angular?

Do Bootstrap is a new life-cycle hook for manual bootstrapping of the applications instead of using bootstrap array in @NgModule annotation. 

5. What are the key components of Angular?

The key components of Angular are components, modules, services, and Metadata. 

• Components are fundamental units that manage HTML views.
• Module are a collection of building blocks – components, directives, and others. Each logical section of code is called Module. 
• Template show the view of the Angular application. 
• Metadata allows you to add more data in an Angular class.

6. What is deep linking in Angular?

Deep linking is a technique of directing users to specific page without going to the home page of the website.  Coders use deep linking in Angular to effortlessly link their pages in search engines. 

7. Explain ng-content, ng-container and ng- template?

The <ng-template> is a template element that Angular uses with structural directives (*ngIf, *ngFor, [ngSwitch] and custom directives).

The <ng-container> is a grouping element. 

As Angular doesn’t put it in DOM, it does not interfere with styles or layout.
The <ng-content> is used to create configurable components. It can create components that can be configured depending on the needs of its user. Components that are used in published libraries make use of <ng-content> to make themselves configurable.

8. What is lazy loading?

Lazy loading is a technique used to load JavaScript components when a particular route is active. This technique is effective when you have numerous components because it increases performance during the first load. Thanks to lazy loading, the most recent versions of Angular allow applications to be load modules only when required. Other benefits of lazy loading are enhancing the application’s size and performance. 

9. What are the advantages of Angular CLI commands?

Some of the best Angular CLI commands that enhances developers’ productivity are

• ng-new – Generate new Angular projects
• ng-generate – Generate components using the Angular CLI
• ng-serve – Run your app with just this command
• ng-eject – Pull the ripcord

10. Explain the difference between an Annotation and a Decorator in Angular?

Annotations in Angular are used to build annotation array. While decorators are design patterns and functions that receive the decorated object. Decorator have the ability to make modifications to the received decorated object without changing the original source code. Additionally, the sole metadata set of the class that uses the Reflect Metadata library is annotations.

Also read: Spring Boot Interview Questions

Angular scenario-based interview questions

Interviewers ask Angular scenario-based interview questions because they help ascertain the candidate’s practical knowledge and apply their theoretical understanding of Angular to real-world scenarios. Angular scenario-based interview questions for experienced professionals are an excellent way to determine if they will be a good fit for your firm. 

1. How do you choose an element from a component template?

To directly access items in the view, use the @ViewChild directive. Consider an input item with a reference.

<input #example>

and construct a view child directive that is accessed in the ngAfterViewInit lifecycle hook

@ViewChild(‘example’) input;

ngAfterViewInit() {

  console.log(this.input.nativeElement.value);

}

2. How do you deal with errors in observables?

Instead of depending on try/catch, which is useless in an asynchronous context, you may manage problems by setting an error callback on the observer.

Example: You may create an error callback as shown below.

myObservable.subscribe({

    next(number) { console.log(‘Next number: ‘ + number)},

    error(err) { console.log(‘An error received ‘ + err)}

  });

Also read:  Technical Interview Questions | Top 30 critical questions 

Angular RxJs interview questions

Angular RxJs interview questions provide valuable insight into the applicant’s technical, problem-solving skills. Some RXJs interview questions for Angular developer are –

1. What is RxJS?

RxJS is a library for reactive Streams which can be used to deal with asynchronous data streams and events called “Reactive Extensions for JavaScript” (RxJS). RxJS uses JavaScript reactive programming. Developer use it widely because it simplifies writing asynchronous code.

2. What are RxJS Operators?

A stream is a key part of reactive programming. An operator is essentially a method that acts on an Observable and modifies the stream in some way. The function of an operator is to change or filter initially emitted values in accordance with the requirements of the project tasks.

Angular MCQ questions

MCQ questions are popular in interviews because the Angularjs objective questions offer a structured manner to evaluate a candidate’s knowledge, abilities, and understanding concepts. Angular MCQ questions can determine the candidate’s critical thinking ability. Angular 4 multiple choice questions is a great way to filter candidates in the preliminary screening process. 

1. Which of the following statement is correct for AngularJS?

1. AngularJS is an HTML framework
2. AngularJS is a Java framework
3. AngularJS is a JavaScript framework
4. AngularJS is a SQL framework

Answer C = AngularJS is a JavaScript framework

2. What is the architecture platform is Angular JS based on?

1. Decorator Pattern
2. Observer Pattern
3. MVVM architecture pattern 
4. MVC architecture pattern 

Answer c – Angular JS is based on MVVM architectural plan or Model-View-ViewModel (MVVM) pattern.